Human breast milk is a complex and dynamic fluid that plays a pivotal role in infant development, providing essential nutrients, immune factors, and a variety of bioactive compounds. Fatty acids are one of the crucial components of breast milk which contribute significantly to the overall health and well-being of the newborn. In recent years, scientific exploration has delved into the intricacies of these fatty acids, uncovering their diverse roles and potential therapeutic applications, including the unexpected benefits of trans-fats and Trans-vaccenic Acid in the fight against cancer.

 Fatty Acids in Human Breast Milk:

 Human breast milk contains a diverse array of fatty acids, classified as saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats. Among these, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are crucial for the development of the infant's nervous system, immune function, and overall growth. Specific types of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), are particularly crucial for brain development and vision.

 These fatty acids have a significant role beyond mere nutrition. They also contribute to the formation of cell membranes, modulate inflammation, and serve as precursors for signaling molecules. The balance of these fatty acids in breast milk reflects the intricate physiological processes designed to support the optimal growth and development of the infant.

 Unexpected Benefits of Trans-Fats:

 Traditionally, trans-fats are associated with adverse health effects, especially in processed and industrially produced foods. However, recent research has shown the presence of naturally occurring trans-fats in human breast milk, cow’s milk, and meat, challenging the negative connotations associated with this lipid class. Trans-fats, such as trans-palmitoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), have been identified in breast milk and are thought to contribute positively to infant health.

 Studies have suggested that these naturally occurring trans-fats may help regulate the immune system, offering protective effects against infections and promoting a healthy gut microbiota. The unique structure of these trans-fats in breast milk appears to confer benefits that differ from those associated with artificial trans-fats found in processed foods.

 Trans-vaccenic Acid and Cancer Treatment:

 Trans-vaccenic Acid (TVA), a trans-fat found in human breast milk, the meat from grazing animals, and their milk, has recently been studied for its potential role in cancer prevention and treatment. Emerging evidence from the University of Chicago published in Nature magazine suggests that TVA may possess anti-cancer properties, opening new avenues for research and therapeutic interventions.

 The University of Chicago study explores the molecular mechanisms underlying TVA's effects on cancer cells. Initial findings indicate that TVA may induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in cancer cells while sparing healthy cells. This targeted approach is particularly promising, as it addresses a common challenge in cancer treatment—minimizing damage to healthy tissues.

 Moreover, the study explores TVA's potential to modulate signaling pathways involved in cancer progression. By influencing key molecular pathways, TVA may disrupt the uncontrolled growth and division of cancer cells, providing a novel strategy for cancer treatment.

 Conclusion:

 Human breast milk is an intricate balance of nutrients and bioactive compounds necessary for the optimal development of infants. Fatty acids play a central role in this complex matrix, with their diverse roles in growth, immune function, and cellular processes. The recent recognition of the beneficial aspects of naturally occurring trans-fats challenges preconceived notions about this lipid class, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between industrial trans-fats and those found in commercially available meat and milk.

 Trans-vaccenic Acid, a trans-fat found in human breast milk, the milk and meat we consume as adults, has emerged as a potential player in the field of cancer treatment. The groundbreaking research from the University of Chicago provides compelling evidence of TVA's ability to target and induce apoptosis in cancer cells selectively. While these findings are still in their early stages, they offer a glimpse into the potential therapeutic applications of TVA and underscore the importance of ongoing research in understanding the complex interplay between fatty acids and human health. As we unravel the mysteries of breast milk and its components, we may find new avenues for improving health and developing innovative treatments for diseases like cancer.

Sources

Lipids and Fatty Acids in Human Milk: Benefits and Analysis, WRITTEN BY: Jesui Vergilio Visentainer, Oscar Oliveira Santos, Liane Maldaner, Caroline Zappielo, Vanessa Neia, Lorena Visentainer, Luciana Pelissari, Jessica Pizzo, Adriela Rydlewski, Roberta Silveira, Marilia Galuch and Jeane Laguila Visentainer, Submitted: 16 May 2018 Reviewed: 20 July 2018 Published: 27 November 2018, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80429

Fan, H., Xia, S., Xiang, J. et al. Trans-vaccenic acid reprograms CD8+ T cells and anti-tumor immunity. Nature (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06749-3